Luftfahrzeugbetreiber und ihre Verwaltungsstaaten
Am 14. Juli 2021 nahm die EU-Kommission eine Reihe von Legislativvorschlägen zum Thema Klimaneutralität bis 2050 an. Hierzu gehört auch das Zwischenziel einer Nettosenkung des Treibhausgasausstoßes um mindestens 55 % bis 2030. Das Paket enthält Vorschläge für die Überarbeitung verschiedener EU-Klimarechtsvorschriften, darunter die Emissionshandelsrichtlinie und die Lastenteilungsverordnung sowie Verkehrs- und Landnutzungsrechtsvorschriften. Zudem wird konkret dargelegt, wie die Kommission die EU-Klimaziele im Rahmen des europäischen Grünen Deals verwirklichen will.
Für ein wirksames EU-Emissionshandelssystem (EU-EHS) ist eine zuverlässige, transparente, konsequente und genaue Überwachung und Berichterstattung in Bezug auf Treibhausgasemissionen nötig.

Jährlicher Erfüllungszyklus
Das jährliche Verfahren der Überwachung, Berichterstattung und Prüfung und alle damit verbundenen Prozesse bilden den sogenannten Erfüllungszyklus des EU-EHS.
Industrieanlagenbetreiber und Luftfahrzeugbetreiber, die unter das EU-EHS fallen, benötigen ein genehmigtes Monitoringkonzept für die Überwachung ihrer jährlichen Emissionen und die Berichterstattung darüber. Dieses Konzept ist auch Teil der Betriebsgenehmigung für Industrieanlagen.
Die Betreiber müssen jedes Jahr einen Emissionsbericht vorlegen. Die Daten für ein bestimmtes Jahr müssen bis zum 31. März des Folgejahres von einer akkreditierten Kontrollstelle geprüft werden. Daraufhin müssen die Betreiber bis zum 30. April des betreffenden Jahres die entsprechende Anzahl an Zertifikaten abgeben.
Der Erfüllungszyklus ist in zwei Verordnungen geregelt:
Leitlinien und Unterstützung
Im Sinne einer effizienteren Verwaltung und einer EU-weit abgestimmten Herangehensweise stellt die EU-Kommission Vorlagen bereit, die als Grundlage dienen für
- Monitoringkonzepte,
- jährliche Emissionsberichte (einschließlich der Berichterstattung über Tonnenkilometer durch Luftfahrzeugbetreiber),
- Prüfberichte,
- Verbesserungsberichte.
Leitlinien, Musterbeispiele und weitere Instrumente sollen die Verordnungen verständlicher machen und dafür sorgen, dass die Umsetzung in allen EU-EHS-Ländern möglichst einheitlich und kosteneffizient erfolgt.
Für weitere Informationen konsultieren Sie bitte die Rubrik „Documentation“. Dort finden Sie unter anderem Kurzleitfäden mit einer Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Anforderungen, einschlägige Leitlinien, Vorlagen, Musterbeispiele und Instrumente für jede EU-EHS-Zuständigkeit.
Weitere Instrumente für Luftfahrzeugbetreiber
Es wurden zusätzliche Instrumente und Leitlinien für Luftfahrzeugbetreiber ausgearbeitet.
Kleinemittenten (weniger als 25 000 Tonnen CO2 pro Jahr) können
- ihren Treibstoffverbrauch und ihre CO2-Emissionen mithilfe des vereinfachten Überwachungsinstruments von Eurocontrol ermitteln,
- ihre Emissionen mithilfe von Daten der Unterstützungseinrichtung für das EU-EHS ohne jegliche Änderungen prüfen.
Darüber hinaus hat die Kommission folgende Leitlinien veröffentlicht:
- Leitlinien für die nationalen Behörden für die genaue Auslegung der Luftverkehrstätigkeiten, die in den Anwendungsbereich des EU-EHS fallen,
- Leitlinien für Prüfstellen zu einigen luftfahrtspezifischen Fragen mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf Berichten kleiner nichtgewerblicher Luftfahrzeugbetreiber, die das Eurocontrol-Instrument für Kleinemittenten nutzen.
Sanktionen wegen übermäßiger Emissionen
Betreiber müssen im Rahmen des EU-EHS jährlich eine bestimmte Anzahl an Zertifikaten abgeben, die von ihren Emissionen im Vorjahr abhängt. Für jede Tonne Emissionen, für die nicht rechtzeitig ein Zertifikat abgegeben wird, wird eine Sanktion in Höhe von 100 EUR verhängt. Dieser Betrag kommt zu den Kosten aufgrund der Abgabe der Zertifikate hinzu. Zudem werden die Namen der mit Sanktionen belegten Betreiber veröffentlicht.
Gemäß Artikel 16 Absatz 4 der Emissionshandelsrichtlinie erhöht sich die Sanktion von 100 EUR pro Tonne ausgestoßenes CO2 oder für eine entsprechende Menge an N2O oder perfluorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen (Treibhausgase, für die das EU-EHS gilt) seit 2012 jährlich entsprechend dem Europäischen Verbraucherpreisindex (EVPI). Die Bezugnahme auf den EVPI sollte als Bezugnahme auf den Verbraucherpreisindex (VPI) der Europäischen Union, den harmonisierten Verbraucherpreisindex (HVPI) der Europäischen Union oder den VPI/HVPI des Euro-Währungsgebiets verstanden werden.
Um den Anstieg der Verbraucherpreise seit 2012 und die entsprechende Erhöhung der Sanktion von 100 EUR für Verstöße gegen die EU-EHS-Vorschriften zu berechnen, wird der HVPI herangezogen (genauer gesagt, der EVPI).
Bei der Berechnung des erhöhten Sanktionsbetrags ist eine kumulative oder eine jährliche Aktualisierung möglich. Gemäß der Emissionshandelsrichtlinie darf der Sanktionsbetrag nicht auf unter 100 EUR herabgesetzt werden, wenn im Rahmen des HVPI seit 2012 eine Preisminderung verzeichnet werden sollte.
Es kann der HVPI herangezogen werden, der in der Eurostat-Datenbank „HVPI (2005 = 100) - Jährliche Daten (Durchschnittsindex und Veränderungsrate) (prc_hicp_aind)“ veröffentlicht ist.
Documentation
Legal framework
- 01/01/2021 - 2003/87/EC - Consolidated version of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community
Regulations
- 01/01/2022 - Consolidated version of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2066 on the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions
- 01/01/2021- Consolidated version of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2067 on the verification of data and on the accreditation of verifiers
- 18/07/2019 - Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/1603 supplementing Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards measures adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organisation for the monitoring, reporting and verification of aviation emissions for the purpose of implementing a global market-based measure
- 21/06/2012 - SWD(2012) 177 - Impact Assessment accompanying the Commission Regulation 601/2012 and Commission Regulation 600/2012
Quick Guides (to relevant responsibilities and supporting documents)
- 01/03/2022 - Quick guide for operators of stationary installations
- 01/03/2022 - Quick guide for aircraft operators
- 01/03/2022 - Quick guide for competent authorities
- 21/03/2022 - Quick guide for verifiers
- 21/03/2022 - Quick guide for national accreditation bodies
Monitoring and Reporting Regulation (MRR): Guidance and templates
- 20/02/2023 - Guidance document No. 1 - The Monitoring and Reporting Regulation – General guidance for installations
- Template No. 1: Monitoring plan for the emissions of stationary installations
- User Manual for the AER template
- Template No. 4: Annual emissions report of stationary source installations
- 13/06/2022 - Template No. 7: Improvement report for stationary installations
- User Manual for the IR template
- Unreasonable costs determination tool
- Exemplar checklist for assessing installation MPs
- Exemplar monitoring plan
- Exemplar MRR Article 13 Simplified Monitoring Plan
- Exemplar improvement report
- Exemplar monitoring plan update
- 31/01/2022 - Guidance document No. 2 - The Monitoring and Reporting Regulation – General guidance for aircraft operators
- Template No. 2: Monitoring plan for the emissions of aircraft operators for EU ETS and CORSIA
- Template No. 3: Monitoring plan for the tonne-kilometre data of aircraft operators
- Template No. 5: Annual emissions report of aircraft operators for EU ETS, Swiss ETS, and CORSIA
- Template No. 6: Tonne-kilometre data report of aircraft operators
- Template No. 8: Improvement report for aircraft operators
- 17/10/2022 - Guidance document No. 3 - Biomass issues
- 07/10/2021 - Guidance document No. 4 - Uncertainty Assessment
- 07/10/2021 - Guidance document No. 5 - Sampling and Analysis
- 07/10/2021 - Guidance document No. 6 - Data flow activities and control system
- 24/01/2022 - Guidance document No. 8 - EU ETS Inspections
Accreditation and Verification Regulation (AVR): Guidance and templates
- 03/02/2022 - The Accreditation and Verification Regulation - Explanatory Guidance Document No.1
- 03/02/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.1 on the scope of verification
- 03/02/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.2 on risk analysis
- 20/12/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.3 on process analysis
- 03/02/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.4 on sampling
- 12/2020 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.5 on site visits concerning installations
- 31/01/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.6 on the verification report
- 09/02/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.7 on competence of verifiers
- 21/03/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.8 on the relation between EN ISO 14065 and AVR
- 10/01/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.9 on the relation between EN ISO/IEC 17011 and AVR
- 10/01/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.10 on information exchange
- Information exchange template No. 1 - Notification template (Article 77 AVR) from the verifier to the National Accreditation Body/National Certification Authority (by 15 November each year)
- Information exchange template No. 2 - Work programme (Article 71(1) AVR) from the National Accreditation Body/National Certification Authority to the Competent Authority (by 31 December each year)
- Information exchange template No. 3 - Management report (Article 71(3) AVR) from the National Accreditation Body/National Certification Authority to the Competent Authority (by 1 June each year)
- Information exchange template No. 4 - Information exchange (Article 73 AVR) from the Competent Authority to the National Accreditation Body/National Certification Authority (recommended by 30 September each year)
- 27/11/2017 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.11 on certification
- 10/01/2022 - Guidance document – Key guidance note II.12 on time allocation in verification
- 03/02/2022 - The Accreditation and Verification Regulation - Verification Guidance for EU ETS Aviation (GD III)
Joint MRR and AVR Guidance
- 07/10/2021 - Guidance document No.7 – The Monitoring and Reporting Regulation and Accreditation and Verification Regulation – Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS)
- 20/12/2013 - Conservative estimate of emissions
- 20/12/2013 - Review of the annual emissions report and verification report
Frequently Asked Questions about MRR and AVR
- 21/03/2022 - FAQ Accreditation and Verification
- 03/02/2022 - FAQ Classification and reporting of outstanding issues in the verification report
- 20/12/2013 - FAQ Monitoring and Reporting
- 14/01/2013 - Frequently Asked Questions on problems with the MP template for installations
- 23/11/2012 - Frequently Asked Questions on problems with the MP template for aircraft operators
Training documents
- 10/2022 - MRVA training event on biomass
- 09/2020 - A&V training event: 2020 Handbook
- 16/09/2021 - Annual activity level verification
- 26/11/2020 - M&R training event: roadmap through M&R Guidance
- 27/11/2019 - M&R training event: unreasonable costs, uncertainty assessment and data gaps
- 15/11/2018 - Training on Round Robin Test
- 09/2017 - A&V Training Handbook
- 20/06/2017 - M&R training webinar on Sampling Plans
- 14-15/09/2016 - 2016 A&V training event
- 31/05/2016 - M&R training event on Uncertainty Assessment
- 08/09/2015 - A&V training event
Data exchange formats
- Description of the EU ETS reporting language
- MRV data models
- XETL XML schemas (xsl)
- Visual representations
Compliance
- Fifth EU ETS Compliance Review: Final Technical Report
- Fourth EU ETS MRAV Compliance Review: Final Report
- Fourth EU ETS MRAV Compliance Review: Annex II Country Fiches
Article 21 Reporting by Member States
- Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/919 of 8 June 2022 amending Commission Decision 2005/381/EC as regards the questionnaire for reporting on the application of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
- Explanatory Note
- Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2021
- Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2020
- Commission Implementing Decision 2014/166/EU as regards the questionnaire for reporting on the application of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
- Explanatory Note
- Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2019
- Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2018
- Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2017
Further tools for aviation operators
Monitoring and reporting guidelines
- 16/04/2009 - Monitoring and reporting guidelines
Verification guidance for aviation
- 30/11/2010 - EU ETS Verification Guidance for Aviation
Small emitters' tool
- 09/07/2010 - Commission Regulation (EU) No 606/2010 on the approval of a simplified tool developed by the European organisation for air safety navigation (Eurocontrol) to estimate the fuel consumption of certain small emitting aircraft operators
- Small emitters' tool developed by Eurocontrol
Guidance documents developed by Member States
- Guidance document prepared by the Netherlands and the United Kingdom
- Questions and Answers report on the initiative of the Dutch Emissions Authority (December 2008)
- Frequently asked questions, done by the Aviation Implementation Task Force
- 30/01/2023 - Technical guidance on supporting documentation required for zero-rating claims associated to sustainable biofuels for aviation in the EU ETS, prepared by the Aviation Task Force
- 30/11/2022 - Threshold and reporting obligation guidance, prepared by the Aviation Task Force
Example monitoring plans
- Example emissions monitoring plan
- Example tonne-kilometre monitoring plan
- Example emissions data flow charts
- Example tonne-kilometre data flow charts
Interpretation of aviation activities
- 01/01/2022 - Consolidated version of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2066 on the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions
- 01/01/2021- Consolidated version of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2067 on the verification of data and on the accreditation of verifiers
- 18/07/2019 - Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/1603 supplementing Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards measures adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organisation for the monitoring, reporting and verification of aviation emissions for the purpose of implementing a global market-based measure
- 21/06/2012 - SWD(2012) 177 - Impact Assessment accompanying the Commission Regulation 601/2012 and Commission Regulation 600/2012
- 01/03/2022 - Quick guide for operators of stationary installations
- 01/03/2022 - Quick guide for aircraft operators
- 01/03/2022 - Quick guide for competent authorities
- 21/03/2022 - Quick guide for verifiers
- 21/03/2022 - Quick guide for national accreditation bodies
- 20/02/2023 - Guidance document No. 1 - The Monitoring and Reporting Regulation – General guidance for installations
- Template No. 1: Monitoring plan for the emissions of stationary installations
- User Manual for the AER template
- Template No. 4: Annual emissions report of stationary source installations
- 13/06/2022 - Template No. 7: Improvement report for stationary installations
- User Manual for the IR template
- Unreasonable costs determination tool
- Exemplar checklist for assessing installation MPs
- Exemplar monitoring plan
- Exemplar MRR Article 13 Simplified Monitoring Plan
- Exemplar improvement report
- Exemplar monitoring plan update
- 29/05/2023 - Guidance document No. 2 - The Monitoring and Reporting Regulation – General guidance for aircraft operators
- Template No. 2: Monitoring plan for the emissions of aircraft operators for EU ETS and CORSIA
- Template No. 3: Monitoring plan for the tonne-kilometre data of aircraft operators
- Template No. 5: Annual emissions report of aircraft operators for EU ETS, Swiss ETS, and CORSIA
- Template No. 6: Tonne-kilometre data report of aircraft operators
- Template No. 8: Improvement report for aircraft operators
- 17/10/2022 - Guidance document No. 3 - Biomass issues
- 07/10/2021 - Guidance document No. 4 - Uncertainty Assessment
- 07/10/2021 - Guidance document No. 5 - Sampling and Analysis
- 07/10/2021 - Guidance document No. 6 - Data flow activities and control system
- 24/01/2022 - Guidance document No. 8 - EU ETS Inspections
- 03/02/2022 - The Accreditation and Verification Regulation - Explanatory Guidance Document No.1
- 03/02/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.1 on the scope of verification
- 03/02/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.2 on risk analysis
- 20/12/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.3 on process analysis
- 03/02/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.4 on sampling
- 12/2020 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.5 on site visits concerning installations
- 31/01/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.6 on the verification report
- 09/02/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.7 on competence of verifiers
- 21/03/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.8 on the relation between EN ISO 14065 and AVR
- 10/01/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.9 on the relation between EN ISO/IEC 17011 and AVR
- 10/01/2022 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.10 on information exchange
- Information exchange template No. 1 - Notification template (Article 77 AVR) from the verifier to the National Accreditation Body/National Certification Authority (by 15 November each year)
- Information exchange template No. 2 - Work programme (Article 71(1) AVR) from the National Accreditation Body/National Certification Authority to the Competent Authority (by 31 December each year)
- Information exchange template No. 3 - Management report (Article 71(3) AVR) from the National Accreditation Body/National Certification Authority to the Competent Authority (by 1 June each year)
- Information exchange template No. 4 - Information exchange (Article 73 AVR) from the Competent Authority to the National Accreditation Body/National Certification Authority (recommended by 30 September each year)
- 27/11/2017 - Guidance document - Key guidance note II.11 on certification
- 10/01/2022 - Guidance document – Key guidance note II.12 on time allocation in verification
- 03/02/2022 - The Accreditation and Verification Regulation - Verification Guidance for EU ETS Aviation (GD III)
- 07/10/2021 - Guidance document No.7 – The Monitoring and Reporting Regulation and Accreditation and Verification Regulation – Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS)
- 20/12/2013 - Conservative estimate of emissions
- 20/12/2013 - Review of the annual emissions report and verification report
- 21/03/2022 - FAQ Accreditation and Verification
- 03/02/2022 - FAQ Classification and reporting of outstanding issues in the verification report
- 20/12/2013 - FAQ Monitoring and Reporting
- 14/01/2013 - Frequently Asked Questions on problems with the MP template for installations
- 23/11/2012 - Frequently Asked Questions on problems with the MP template for aircraft operators
- 05/2023 - MRVA training event on biomass
- 09/2020 - A&V training event: 2020 Handbook
- 16/09/2021 - Annual activity level verification
- 26/11/2020 - M&R training event: roadmap through M&R Guidance
- 27/11/2019 - M&R training event: unreasonable costs, uncertainty assessment and data gaps
- 15/11/2018 - Training on Round Robin Test
- 09/2017 - A&V Training Handbook
- 20/06/2017 - M&R training webinar on Sampling Plans
- 14-15/09/2016 - 2016 A&V training event
- 31/05/2016 - M&R training event on Uncertainty Assessment
- 08/09/2015 - A&V training event
- Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/919 of 8 June 2022 amending Commission Decision 2005/381/EC as regards the questionnaire for reporting on the application of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
- Explanatory Note
- Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2022
- Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2021
- Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2020
- Commission Implementing Decision 2014/166/EU as regards the questionnaire for reporting on the application of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
- Explanatory Note
- Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2019
- Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2018
- Analysis of national responses under Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive in 2017
Monitoring and reporting guidelines
- 16/04/2009 - Monitoring and reporting guidelines
Verification guidance for aviation
- 30/11/2010 - EU ETS Verification Guidance for Aviation
Small emitters' tool
- 09/07/2010 - Commission Regulation (EU) No 606/2010 on the approval of a simplified tool developed by the European organisation for air safety navigation (Eurocontrol) to estimate the fuel consumption of certain small emitting aircraft operators
- Small emitters' tool developed by Eurocontrol
Guidance documents developed by Member States
- Guidance document prepared by the Netherlands and the United Kingdom
- Questions and Answers report on the initiative of the Dutch Emissions Authority (December 2008)
- Frequently asked questions, done by the Aviation Implementation Task Force
- 30/01/2023 - Technical guidance on supporting documentation required for zero-rating claims associated to sustainable biofuels for aviation in the EU ETS, prepared by the Aviation Task Force
- 30/11/2022 - Threshold and reporting obligation guidance, prepared by the Aviation Task Force
Example monitoring plans
- Example emissions monitoring plan
- Example tonne-kilometre monitoring plan
- Example emissions data flow charts
- Example tonne-kilometre data flow charts